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Contemporary Modern Perspectives in Psychology

Psychology has made tremendous progress since its humble beginnings in the late 19th century. Some schools such as behaviorism and psychoanalysis have undergone many changes, but are still popular and have a large following.

Contemporary or present-day psychology is a combination of the best ideas drawn from the contributions of all its founders. Some new ideas or perspectives are also added.

Psychological perspectives refer to the way psychology approaches or views various topics within its field. Modern psychology considers various issues related to human behavior from five perspectives. These five main perspectives addressed by the Teacher Training Program are:

1. Biological perspectives.

2. Behavioral perspectives.

3. Cognitive perspectives.

4. Psychoanalytic perspectives.

5. Subjectivist perspectives.

Biological perspectives

Psychologists have long been interested in studying the relationship between our biological (body) systems and behavior. They were particularly interested in knowing the role of the brain in relation to human behavior. The brain, which contains over 10 billion nerve cells with infinite connections between them, is perhaps the most complex structure in the universe.

The biological approach deals with understanding the role of our brain in various psychological processes such as emotions, reasoning, learning, motivation and so on. It seeks to describe a neurological process that emphasizes behavior and mental processes. For example, a biological perspective would try to understand and look at depression in terms of what chemicals are produced in the brain and whether these are any abnormal changes in neurotransmitter levels. He would also study face recognition in terms of the role played by a particular brain region, such as the left or right hemisphere.

So the biological approach tries to find out what are the specific areas of the brain that influence or affect our behavior and how the nervous system, hormones secreted by different glands and other changes in our body affect the way we think, feel and behave.

A behavioral perspective

The behavioral approach focuses on explaining almost all behavior in terms of stimulus and response and as a result of conditioning and reinforcement. For example, a psychologist with a behavioral perspective would try to explain obesity as the result of people’s tendency to eat (a specific response), in the presence of specific stimuli (such as watching television).

According to the behaviorist approach, human behaviors that are rewarded or reinforced are likely to be repeated in the future. An example of training for preschool teachers, when a child hits another child (aggressive behavior) and can get the other child’s toy (behavior is rewarded), then the child is more likely to behave aggressively in the future.

Cognitive perspective

The cognitive approach focuses on mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, decision making and problem solving.

The cognitive approach recognizes that for a complete understanding of human behavior it is very important to study the role of mental processes. If we completely ignore mental processes as behaviorists have done, we would adopt a very narrow approach and get an incomplete picture of the dynamics of human behavior.

Cognitive psychologists believe that it is possible to objectively study mental processes. According to them, the human mind is similar to a computer and acts on information in the same way as a computer.

A psychoanalytic perspective

The psychoanalytic approach is based on the ideas of Sigmund Freud. This perspective emphasizes that unconscious processes influence our behavior. These unconscious processes consist of beliefs, fears and desires of which the person is not aware, but which nevertheless influence his behavior.

According to the psychoanalytical approach, we are born with certain aggressive and sexual impulses that our parents and society forbid us to express. As a result, they just pass from awareness to unconsciousness. However, these impulses do not disappear but are expressed through socially accepted behaviors or in the form of mental illnesses and emotional problems. For example, a person may express their aggressive instincts by participating in violent sports such as boxing and wrestling.

A subjectivist perspective

The subjectivist perspective emphasizes the importance of perception. According to this approach, human behavior does not depend on the objective world, but is a function of the perceived world.

The objective world is what really comes out in the real world. The perceived world is what the individual experiences and the meaning he gives to those experiences. The way a person perceives the world or a situation depends on their culture, personal history and current motives.

According to the subjectivist approach, perceptions are very important in understanding behavior because an individual’s behavior at any given moment is partly based on the perception of the situation. Our responses to various stimuli in the environment are based on our perceptions. We define reality based on our perceptions. For example, studies have found that people tend to overestimate the physical size of coins of higher value than for coins of lower value.

An interesting psychological phenomenon that this approach highlights is native realism – the tendency of people to see their subjective construction of the world as a true and accurate picture of the objective world.

According to Early Childhood Training, the influence of the subjectivist approach was strong in social and personality psychology. For example, how people interpret other people’s behavior depends on their own perception.

The different perspectives discussed above represent different modern approaches to the study of psychology. They are not mutually exclusive, but only focus attention on different aspects of the same topic. In other words, different approaches are just different ways of studying the same phenomenon. Many psychologists use the electrical approach. They take the best of each approach and use it to study complex psychological problems.

Of the five perspectives considered, with the exception of the biological perspective, all other approaches (behavioral, cognitive, psychoanalytic and subjectivist) are purely psychological in nature. The biological approach, however, takes help from other fields such as physiology and other branches of biology.

The biological approach is often described as reductionism. In reductionism, psychological concepts (ideas) are reduced to biological ones. That is, various psychological problems are explained by biological reasons.

However, it must be noted that it is not possible to follow a reductionist path for all psychological problems. Psychological explanations are also very important. Psychological concepts, findings, and principles serve as a starting point for biological scientists to conduct their research. For example, psychological findings related to memory will direct biological research to search for different brain areas involved in it. In addition, any explanation of various psychological phenomena without taking into account our past and present environment would be incomplete.

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